Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of wheat bulgur in the diet on intake, digestibility, N balance and ruminal parameters in cannulated lambs. Four castrated Santa Ines×Dorper lambs, cannulated in the rumen, (45 ± 9 kg) were housed in metabolism crates. They were randomly distributed in a 4×4 Latin Square,10-day adaption, a 6-day sampling period. The base diet was composed by ryegrass hay and concentrate, in a 40:60 roughage:concentrate ratio and four inclusions of wheat bulgur on the total diet: 0, 190, 380 and 570 g/kg dry matter. The inclusion of wheat bulgur did not affect the intake of non-structural carbohydrates. The intake of dry matter, fiber, crude protein, organic matter and crude fat decreased linearly (P<0.05). The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber decreased linearly (P=0.001). The N retained and the excreted in urine were not affected by wheat bulgur inclusion. Fecal excretion, total excretion and absorbed N, decreased linearly (P<0.05). There was no change on pH, ammonia, soluble carbohydrates and protozoa population in rumen. Increasing of wheat bulgur in the diet of lambs decrease the nutrient intake and fiber digestibility without affecting the digestibility of other compounds, ruminal parameters, and the protozoa count.

Intake and total and ruminal digestibility, ruminal characteristics and microbial synthesis efficiency in bovine and bubaline fed sugar cane silages treated with microbial additive Lactobacillus buchneri (inoculate) and the addition of: cassava byproduct meal at 250 g/kg; soybean hulls at 250 g/kg; and urea at 33 g/kg, in natural matter were evaluated. The forage:concentrate ratio was 600:400 g/kg. Bubaline body weight (BW) was 403±49 kg and bovine BW was 492±10 kg. The experimental design consisted of two 4 × 4 Latin squares in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. The average DM intake did not differ between species, and the diet with urea showed lowest intake (13 g/kg BW). Among the diets, the one with soybean hulls addition increased the total digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), while addition of urea reduced the DM, OM and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) total digestibility in both species. Bovines have higher ruminal digestibility of NFC in the diet with addition of inoculate, inoculate + soybean meal and inoculate + urea diets than bubaline. Ruminal liquid pH was higher for bubaline (6.61) than bovines (6.48). Diets with addition of cassava byproduct and soybean hulls presented higher ruminal short chain fatty acids concentrations. Ruminal ammonia concentration (N-NH3) did not differ between species and the treatment with urea presented the highest value of N-NH3 (17.25 mg/100 mL). Liquid passage rate was higher for bubaline (12.9%/h) than bovines (9.9%/h). Bubaline has higher microbial synthesis efficiency than bovine: 35.1 vs 24.6 g of N-microbial/kg OM of the total rumen digestibility, regardless of the diet.

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso da monensina sódica (Rumensin®) e da levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Beef - sacc®) sobre a concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), amônia e pH ruminal, e eficiência microbiana em bubalinos e bovinos, alimentados com dietas com 50% de concentrado. Foram utilizados três búfalos e três bovinos portadores de cânulas no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em dois quadrados Latinos, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2. As concentrações de AGCC, amônia e o pH ruminal foram determinados a cada 2h. Os fluxos de digesta e proteína microbiana no duodeno foram determinados, respectivamente, por meio dos indicadores cinza insolúvel em ácido e as bases purinas. Não houve efeito dos aditivos e das espécies para a concentração total de AGCC e do ácido acético, propiônico e butírico. Porém, a adição da monensina e da levedura reduziram a razão acetato/propionato, sendo a monensina mais efetiva em ambas as espécies. Os valores de pH e amônia tiveram efeito somente para espécie e foram maiores nos bubalinos. A eficiência síntese microbiana foi maior nos bovinos, e reduzida pela adição de monensina à dieta. A levedura viva e a monensina modificaram a fermentação ruminal de forma positiva e as espécies apresentaram diferenças quanto aos parâmetros estudados.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of sodium monensina (Rumensin®) and yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Beef - sacc®) on concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia and ruminal pH, and microbial efficiency in bubaline and bovine, fed diets with 50% concentrate. Three buffalos and three bovines whith cannulas on the rumen and duodenum were distributed in two Latin squares, with factorial arrangement 3 x 2. The concentrations of SCFA, ammonia and ruminal pH were determined every two hours. The flow of the digest and microbial protein on duodenum were determined from de utilization of insoluble ashes in acid and the utilization of purine bases as microbial indicator, respectively. The additives and species did not influence the total concentration of SCFA, acetic acids, propionic and butyric, but the addiction of yeast culture reduced the acetate/propionate ratio and the monensin reduced on a more effective and similar for the species, which were higher in the bubaline. The syntheses efficiency was higher in bovines, and reduced by the addiction of monensin. The yeast culture and monensin on ruminal fermentation changed in a positive way, and the cattle and buffaloes showed differences in the studied parameters.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sugarcane silage in relation to chemical composition, pH, total losses, aerobic stability, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and effective degradability (ED) of bovine and buffaloes under the following treatments (on a dry matter (DM) basis): sugarcane silage control (control), with addition of 3.3% urea; with addition of Lactobacillus buchneri (inoculate); with inoculate + 3.3% urea; with inoculate + 25.0% soybean hull, and with inoculate + 25.0% cassava byproduct meal. The experiment was analyzed through a completely randomized design with three replications, and for DM ED, a double 4 × 4 Latin square with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was used. The sugarcane variety was the RB-855156 (precocious). The urea increased the protein level and reduced neutral and acid detergent fiber and lignin fractions. Treatments with inoculate + cassava byproduct and inoculate + soybean hull increased DM levels. Bovines presented higher IVDDM than buffaloes. pH values varied from 3.1 to 4.0. Mean total losses observed were 7.8%. Treatments with inoculate + cassava and inoculate + soybean hulls resulted in larger aerobic stability with 61 and 81 hours, respectively, in relation to silages control (24 h) and control with 3.3% urea (33 h). A higher DM ED was verified for silages with inoculate + control and inoculate + soybean hulls at 2%/h passage rates and higher neutral detergent fiber ED for the treatment of control + inoculate + soybean hulls at 2 and 5%/h. Silages treated with urea, L. buchneri or agricultural byproduct plus inoculate presented better quality pattern.

Quatro novilhos da raça Holandesa (450 kg) portadores de cânula ruminal e duodenal, recebendo dietas com níveis de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) de 50, 60, 65 e 70%, associadas a uma fonte de amido de alta degradabilidade ruminal (farinha de varredura de mandioca), foram distribuídos em quadrado latino 4 × 4 para se avaliarem as digestibilidades total e parcial dos nutrientes, a concentração de amônia e o pH ruminal. Foi utilizada, como indicador do fluxo duodenal e fecal, a cinza insolúvel em ácido. Não foi observado efeito do nível de PDR sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade total, digestibilidade ruminal e digestibilidade intestinal da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos não-estruturais e energia bruta. O aumento do nível de PDR na dieta elevou o coeficiente de digestibilidade total e ruminal da proteína bruta e reduziu a digestibilidade intestinal desse nutriente como porcentagem do digerido. Não houve efeito dos níveis de PDR no pH ruminal, no entanto, maior concentração ruminal de amônia foi observada para as dietas com maior teor de PDR. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o aumento no teor de PDR acarretou maior produção de nitrogênio na forma de amônia, independentemente da presença da fonte de amido de alta degradabilidade ruminal, contudo, o aporte de proteína intestinal foi semelhante para todas as dietas.

Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein steers (450 kg) were fed diets with rumen degradable protein (RDP) levels of 50.0 60.0 65.0 and 70.0% associated with a high ruminal degradability starch (cassava by-product meal) were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin square design for the evaluation of total and partial digestibility of the nutrients, ruminal ammonia concentration and pH. The acid insoluble ash was used as a marker of the duodenal and fecal flow. No effects were observed on the level of RDP on total digestibility coefficient, ruminal digestibility and intestinal digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, non structural carbohydrates and gross energy. The increase of the RDP levels in the diet increased the coefficients of total and ruminal digestibility of crude protein and reduced the intestinal digestibility of this nutrient as a percentage of the digested. There was no effect of RDP levels on the ruminal pH, however, higher ammonia concentration was observed for the diets with higher level of RDP. The results indicated that the increase in the level of PDR cause a higher production of nitrogen in the ammonia form, independently of the presence of the source of high ruminal degradability starch, however the contribution of intestinal protein was similar for all the diets.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do ionóforo (monensina sódica) e do probiótico (Saccharomyces cerevisiae + selênio + cromo) em rações com 50:50% de volumoso:concentrado sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade total (CDT) e parcial dos nutrientes. Foram utilizados três búfalos da raça Murrah e três bovinos da raça holandesa, com peso médio de 477 ± 47 e 518 ± 56 kg, respectivamente, portadores de cânula ruminal e duodenal, distribuídos em delineamento experimental com dois quadrados latinos 3 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 3 e arranjo fatorial 3 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 2. O indicador dos fluxos fecal e duodenal foi a cinza insolúvel em ácido. Não houve interação dieta <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> espécie animal para os CTD dos nutrientes, porém a adição de ionóforo à ração teve efeito positivo sobre os CDT de MS, PB, EE e amido e a adição de probiótico aumentou os CDT do amido, da FDN e da FDA. As adições de ionóforo e probiótico propiciaram maior fermentação ruminal da FDN e FDA e maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade intestinal (CDI) do amido. Observaram-se maiores CDT da PB e do amido para os bovinos e maior CDT da FDN para búfalos. Houve interação rações <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> espécie somente sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade ruminal (CDR) e CDI de MS, PB e EE. Para ambas as espécies, a adição de ionóforo foi efetiva em aumentar a fermentação ruminal da MS, reduzir a degradação ruminal da PB e elevar o CDI da PB. A adição do probiótico também reduziu a degradação ruminal da PB em bubalinos, porém em menor escala que o ionóforo. Independentemente da presença ou não dos aditivos nas rações, os bubalinos apresentaram maior CDR da MS e sem a adição de aditivos, maior CDR da PB e menor CDI da PB que os bovinos.

The effects of the ionophore (sodic monensin) and of the probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae + selenium + chrome) were evaluated in rations with 50:50% of forage:concentrate ratio on the total (TDC) and partial [ruminal digestibility coefficients (RDC) and intestinal (IDN)] nutrients digestibility coefficients. Three Murrah buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) and three steers Holstein (Bos taurus), with an of 477 ± 47 kg and 518 ± 56 kg of average weight respectively, and with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used; the animals were designed into two 3 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 3 latin squares and in a 3 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 2 factorial arrangement. The acid insoluble ash was the internal marker for fecal and duodenal flow. No interaction of diet and animal species for TDC of nutrients was observed, although the ionophore addition in the ration showed a positive effect on TDC for DM, CP, EE and starch and the probiotic addition increased TDC of starch, NDF and ADF. The ionophore and probiotic addition provided higher ruminal fermentation of NDF and ADF and higher IDC of starch. It was observed higher TDC of CP and starch for bovine and higher TDC of NDF for buffaloes. There was interaction of rations <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> species only on RDC and IDC for DM, CP and EE. The ionophore addition was effective to increase the ruminal fermentation of DM, to reduce ruminal degradation of CP and to increase IDC of CP for both species. The probiotic addition also reduces ruminal degradation of CP in buffaloes, but in lower scale than ionophore. For buffaloes, the presence or absence of additives in rations caused higher RDC of DM, the absence of addictives in ration caused higher RDC and lower IDC of CP than in bovine.

Avaliaram-se a influência do fornecimento de 23, 43 e 63% de concentrado em dietas com milho moído e resíduo desidratado de mandioca como fonte de amido sobre o consumo, os coeficientes de digestibilidade total e parcial dos nutrientes, a concentração de amônia, o pH ruminal e a eficiência microbiana. Utilizaram-se três bovinos holandeses (Bos taurus) e três búfalos Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) com 473±54 kg e 400±33 kg de peso corporal (PC), respectivamente, canulados no rúmen e duodeno. Os fluxos duodenais e fecais foram estimados utilizando-se óxido crômico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi com dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3 e arranjo fatorial 3 x 2. A ingestão média de MS foi inferior nos bubalinos (1,40% do PC) em comparação aos bovinos (1,63% do PC). As ingestões máximas de PB (10,09 g/kg PC0,75 nos bovinos e 8,36 g/kg PC0,75 nos bubalinos) foram obtidas com 44,4% de concentrado e as de amido (32,83 g/kg PC0,75 para os bovinos e 28,38 g/kg PC0,75 para os búfalos), com 61,7% de concentrado. Os coeficientes de digestibiliade total e as digestibilidades ruminal (DR) e intestinal (DI) dos nutrientes, à exceção do amido e da PB, não diferiram entre os tratamentos e as espécies utilizadas. O maior coeficiente de digestibilidade total (95,7 vs 85,8%) e ruminal (87,4 vs 81,9%) do amido foram observados nos bovinos. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido aumentou linearmente com os níveis de concentrado. A menor digestibilidade ruminal (13,2 vs 27,5%) e a maior digestibilidade intestinal da PB (86,8 vs 72,5%) foram observadas nos bovinos. O pH ruminal nos bubalinos (6,7) foi superior ao dos bovinos (6,3). Nos búfalos, a concentração de amônia ruminal diferiu com os níveis de concentrado, o que não ocorreu com os bovinos. A eficiência microbiana, no entanto, não diferiu entre as espécies e os níveis de concentrado.

The objective of this trial was to evaluate three different concentrate levels (CL) (23, 43 and 63%) on intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal metabolism, and microbial efficiency in Holstein bovines and Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed diets containing ground corn and dry cassava by-product as energy sources. Three Holstein bovines and three Murrah buffaloes averaging, respectively, 473±54 kg and 400±33 kg of body weight (BW), fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were blocked by species and randomly assigned to two replicated 3 x 3 Latin squares with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Chromium oxide was used as duodenal and fecal flow marker. Intake of dry matter (DM) was lower on bubalines (1.40% of BW) than on bovines (1.63% of BW). The greatest CP intake was of 10.09 g/kg BW0.75 for bovines and 8.63 g/kg BW0.75 for bubalines with 44.4% of concentrate in the diet while the highest starch intake was of 32.83 g/kg BW0.75 for bovines and 28.38 g/kg BW0.75 for bubalines with 61.69% of concentrate in the diet. There were no effects of CL and species on total tract digestibility, ruminal digestibility, and intestinal digestibility of nutrients with the exception of starch and CP. Apparent total tract digestibility of starch was greatest on bovines (95.7 vs. 85.8%); ruminal starch digestibility was also greatest on bovines (87.4% vs. 81.9%) and that increased linearly when the CL was increased in the diet. It was observed lower ruminal digestibility (13.2 vs. 27.5%) and higher intestinal digestibility (86.8 vs. 72.5%) of CP on bovines compared to bubalines in this trial. Ruminal pH averaged 6.7 on bubalines and was greater that than on bovines (6.3). Ruminal ammonia concentration differed across treatments on bubalines but not on bovines whereas microbial efficiency was not affected either by dietary CL or by species.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de rações com diferentes teores de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) e fonte de amido de baixa degradabilidade ruminal (milho moído) em ovinos. Utilizaram-se quatro ovinos castrados, sem raça definida (SRD), com peso vivo médio de 38,5 kg, em um delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4 x 4. As quatro rações experimentais utilizadas foram compostas de 75% de volumoso (feno de aveia) e 25% de concentrado à base de milho moído (MM), farelo de soja (FS), farelo de algodão (FA), farinha de peixe (FP), uréia e sal mineral, compostas com quatro teores de PDR (46, 50, 54 e 58% de PDR nas rações). Determinaram-se a digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes e o balanço de nitrogênio nos animais alimentados com as rações experimentais. Os consumos de MS, MO, PB, amido, FDN e FDA não diferiram entre as rações testadas. Da mesma forma, o nitrogênio ingerido (NI), o N excretado nas fezes e na urina, em g/dia, o balanço de nitrogênio (%NI) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, FDN e FDA não diferiram entre as rações experimentais, sendo estimados valores médios de 31,68; 6,34; 11,31 g/dia e 44,27% NI, respectivamente, e de 71,90; 73,00; 79,70; 61,10; e 52,00%, respectivamente. Independentemente dos teores de PDR em rações contendo milho como fonte de amido de baixa degradabilidade ruminal, não houve efeitos sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e o balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos.

Four castrated sheep averaging 38.5 kg of body weight were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance (NB) on diets containing different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP): 46, 50, 54, and 58% and ground corn. The four experimental diets were composed by 75% of forage (oat hay) and 25% of concentrate containing ground corn (GC), soybean meal (SM), cottonseed meal (CM), fish meal (FM), urea, and mineral salt. No significant differences were observed on the intakes of DM, OM, CP, starch, NDF, and ADF by increasing the dietary RDP levels. Nitrogen intake (NI), urinary N excretion, fecal N excretion, and NB expressed as % NI averaged, respectively, 31.68 g/d, 6.34 g/d, 11.31 g/d, and 47.27% and did not differ across diets. Similarly, apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, OM CP, NDF, and ADF averaged, respectively, 71.90, 73.00, 79.70, 61.10, and 52.00% and did not differ when the RDP level was increased in the diet. It can be concluded that both digestibility of nutrients and NB were not affected by different dietary RDP levels under the conditions of this trial.